SKILL 8. Find Definitions From Structural Clues.

SKILL 8. Find Definitions From Structural Clues.

When you arebasked to determine the meaning of a word in the reading section, it is possible :

1. that the passage provides information about the meaning of the word, and

2. that there are structural clues to tell you that the definition of a word is included in the passage.

The followings outlines the key information that you should remember aboutnstructural cluse to help you to understand unknown vocabularies words :

1. How to identifies the question.

- What is the meaning of ''X'' in line Y?

- The word ''X'' in line Y is closest in meaning to ......

- The word ''Y'' in line Y could best be replaced by.....

2. Types of clues.

- punctuation (comma, parentheses, dashes).

- restatement (or, that, is, in, other words, i.e.).

- examples (such as, for example, e.g.)

3. Where to find the answer.

Information to help you determine what something means will generally be found after the punctuation clue, the restatement clue, or the example clue.

4. How to answer the question.

a. Find the word in the passage.

b. Locate any structural clues.

c. Read the part of the passage after the structural clue carefully.

d. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the remaining choices.

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SKILL 7. Aswer Transition Questions Correctly

SKILL 7. Aswer Transition Questions Correctly

You will sometimes be asked to answer a multiple choice questions about what probably came before the reading passage (in the preceeding paragraph) or what probably comes after the reading passage. Of course, the topic of the preceeding is not directly stated, and you must draw a conclusion to determine what is the probably in these paragraph.

This type of question is a transition. It asks you to demonstrate that you understand that good writing contains transition from one paragraph to the next. A paragraph may start out with idea of the previous paragraph as a way of linking the ideas in the two paragraph. A paragraph may also ends with an idea that will be further developed in the following paragraph.

The followings you should remember about transition questions :

1. How to identify the question.

- The paragraph preceeding the passage probably......

- What is most likely in the paragraph following the passage?

2. Where to find the answer.

- The answer can generally be found in the first line of the passage for a preceeding question. The answer can generally be found in the last line for a follwoing question.

3. How to answer the question.

-. Read the first line for a preceeding question.

- Read the last line for a following question.

- Draw a conclusion about what comes before or after.

- Choose the answer that is reflected in the first or last line of the passage.

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Skill 6. Answer Implied Detail Questions Correctly.

SKILL 6. Answer Implied Detail Questions Correctly.

You will sometimes be asked to answer a multiple-choice question about a reading passage by drawing a conclusion from a specific detail or details in the passage. Questions of this type contain the words implied, inferred, likely, or probably to let you know that the answer to the question is not directly stated. In this type of question, it is important to understand that you do not have to ''pull the answer out of thin air.'' Instead, some information will be given in the passage, and you will draw a conclusion from that information. Look at a multiple-choice example of an implied detail question from the paper TOEFL test.

The following that you have to remember about implied detail questions :

1. How to identify the question.

- It is implied in the passage that......

- It can be inferred from the passage that....

- It is most likely that.....

- What probably happened.....?

2. Where to find the answer.

- The answer to these questions are generally found in order in the passage.

3. How to answer the question.

- Choose a key word in the question.

- Scan the passage for the key word (or a related idea).

- Carefully read the sentence that contains the key word.

- Look for an answer that could be true, according to that sentence.

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SKILL 5. Find Pronoun Referents

SKILL 5. Find Pronoun Referents

 
In reading test you will sometimes be asked to determine to which noun a pronoun refers.

 
In a pronoun reference question, it is important to understand that a noun is generally used first in a passage, and the pronoun that refers to it comes after. Whenever you are asked which noun a pronoun refers to, you should look before the pronoun to find the noun.

 
The following that you should remember about pronoun referents :

 
1. How to identify the question.

The pronoun ''........'' in line X refers to which of the following?

 
 
2. Where to find the answer.

The pronoun is highlighted in the passage. The noun that the pronoun refers to is generally found before the pronoun.

 
 
3. How to answer the question.

- Locate the pronoun in the passage,

- Look before the pronoun for nouns that agree to with the pronoun,

- Try each of the nouns in the context in place of pronoun.

- Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the remaining choices.

 
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SKILL 4. Find ''unstated'' details

SKILL 4. Find ''unstated'' details

You will sometimes be asked in the reading section to find an answer that is not stated or not mentioned or not true in the passage. This type of question really means that three of the answers are stated, mentioned, or true in the passage, while one answer is not.

You should note that there are two kinds of answer to this type of question

1. there are three true answers and one that is not true according to the passage, or

2. there are three true answers and one is not mentioned in the passage.

You should remeber the follwoing things if you answer ''unstated'' detail questions.

a. How to identify the question.

- Which of the following is not stated......?

- Which of the following is not mentioned.......?

- Which of the following is not discussed........?

- All of the following are true except.....

b. Where to find the answer

- the answer to these questions are found in order in the passage.

c. How to answer the question

1. Choose a key word in the question.

2. Scan the appropriate place in the passage for key word (or related idea).

3. Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea carefully.

4. Look for answers that are definitely true according to the passage. Eliminate those answer.

5. Choose the answer that is not true or not discussed in the passage.

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SKILL 3 : Answer Stated Detail Questions Correctly.

SKILL 3 : Answer Stated Detail Questions Correctly.

A stated detailquestion asks about one piece of information in the passage rather than the passage as a whole. The answer to these questions are generally given in order in the passage, and the correct answer is often a statement of what is given in the passage. This means that the correct answer often expresses the same idea as what is written in the passage, but the words are not exactly the same. The questions that test stated details are generally multiple-choice question that asks you to choose an appropriate drawing.

The following are things you should remember about stated detail questions :

- How to identify the question.

a. According to the passage.....

b. It is stated in the passage ........

c. The passage indicates that .........

d. Which of the following is true ........

- Where to find the answer.

a. The answer to these questions are found in order in the passage.

- How to answer the question.

a. Choose a key word in the question.

b. Skim in the appropriate part of the passage for the key word or idea.

c. Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea carefully.

d. Eliminate the definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the remaining choices.

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SKILL 2. RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS

2. RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS

How to identify the question

- Please find out how the information in the passage is organized.

- Please find out how the information the second paragraph is related to the first paragraph

Where to find the answer.

The asnwer to this type of question can generally be determined by looking at the first sentence of the appropriate paragraphs.

How to answer the question.

1. Read the first line of each paragraph.

2. Look for words that show relationship among the paragraphs.

3. Choose the answer that best expresses the best relationship.

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SKILL 1. ANSWER MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS CAREFULLY

SKILL 1. ANSWER MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS CAREFULLY

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Almost every reading test on paper will have a multiple-choice question about the main idea of the passage. Such a questions may be worded in a variety of ways; you may for example, be asked to identify the topic, subject, title, primary idea, or main idea. These questions are all asking about what primary point the author is going to get across in the passage. Mostly in a traditional way, the main ideas can be found by studying the beginning of each paragraph.

If a reading only consists of one paragraph, you should look at the first sentence of the paragraph to get the topic of the passage. However if a reading consists of more than one paragraph you should study the beginning of each paragraph to determine the main idea.

- How to identify question

answer :

1. What is the topic of the passage.?

2. What is the subject of the passage.?

3. What is the main idea of the passage.?

4. With what is the author primarily concerned.?

5. Which of the following would be the best title?

- Where to find the answer?

The answer to this type of question can generally be determined by looking of each paragraph.

- How to aswer the question.

1. Read the first line of each paragraph.

2. Look for a common theme of idea in the first lines.

3. Pass your eyes quickly over the rest of the passage to check that you have really found the topic sentence.

4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and chooses the best answer from the remaining choices.

Mind Mapping of Skill 1

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